Asset Hub
Assets in the Polkadot network can be represented on several chains. They can take many forms, from a parachain's native token to on-chain representations of off-chain reserves. This page focuses on the latter, namely assets issued by a creator (e.g. rights to audited, off-chain reserves held by the creator, or art issued as an NFT).
The Asset Hub system parachain hosts data structures and logic that specialize in the creation, management, and use of assets in the Polkadot network. Although other parachains can host applications dealing with assets on the Asset Hub, the hub can be thought of as the "home base" of assets in the network.
The Asset Hub uses DOT as its native token. The chain yields its governance to its parent Relay Chain and has no inflation or era-based rewards for collators (although collators receive a portion of transaction fees). As a system parachain, the Asset Hub has a trusted relationship with the Relay Chain, and as such, can teleport DOT between itself and the Relay Chain. That is, DOT on the Asset Hub is just as good as DOT on the Relay Chain.
The Asset Hub does not support smart contracts. See the Advanced section at the bottom for a discussion on using proxy and multisig accounts to replicate oft-used contract logic.
Creation and Management
WALK-THROUGH VIDEO TUTORIAL ABOUT CREATING ASSETS
See this technical explainer video to learn how to create fungible assets on the Asset Hub.
Anyone on the network can create assets on the Asset Hub as long as they can reserve the required deposit of 10 DOT and around 0.201 DOT for the metadata. The network reserves the deposit on creation. The creator also must specify a unique AssetId, an integer of type u32, to identify the asset. The AssetId should be the canonical identifier for an asset, as the chain does not enforce the uniqueness of metadata like "name" and "symbol". The creator must also specify a minimum balance, preventing accounts from having dust balances.
ADVANCED HOW-TO GUIDES
See this page to learn more about creating assets using the Asset Hub.
Asset classes and instances can have associated metadata. The metadata is an array of data that the class owner can add on-chain, for example, a link to an IPFS hash or other off-chain hosting service. The Uniques pallet also supports setting key/value pairs as attributes to a class or instance.
An asset class has several privileged roles. The asset creator automatically takes on all privileged roles but can reassign them after creation. These roles are:
The owner can set the accounts responsible for the other three roles and set asset metadata (e.g. name, symbol, decimals).
The issuer can mint and burn tokens to/from their chosen addresses.
The admin can make force transfers as well as unfreeze accounts of the asset class.
The freezer can freeze assets on target addresses or the entire asset class.
Always refer to the reference documentation for certainty on privileged roles.
An asset's details contain one field not accessible to its owner or admin team, asset sufficiency. Only the network's governance mechanism can deem an asset as sufficient. A balance of a non-sufficient asset can only exist on accounts that are on-chain (i.e. accounts having the existential deposit of a sufficient asset). That is, a user could not keep an account on-chain by transferring an insufficient asset to it; the account must already be on-chain by having more than the existential deposit in DOT (or a sufficient asset). However, assets deemed sufficient can instantiate accounts and pay for transaction fees, such that users can transact on the Asset Hub without the need for DOT.
TRANSACTION FEES ON POLKADOT-JS UI
Polkadot-JS UI doesn't support the functionality to pay with a sufficient asset yet. When using Polkadot-JS UI, transaction fee needs to be paid in DOT.
Fungible Assets
Fungible assets are interchangeable, i.e. one unit is equivalent to any other unit to claim the underlying item. The Asset Hub represents fungible assets in the Assets pallet. This pallet presents a similar interface for those familiar with the ERC20 standard. However, the logic is encoded directly in the chain's runtime. As such, operations are not gas-metered but benchmarked upon every release, leading to efficient execution and stable transaction fees.
Transferring Asset Balances
WALK-THROUGH VIDEO TUTORIAL ABOUT TRANSFERRING ASSETS
See this technical explainer video to learn how to transfer assets on the Asset Hub.
For Ledger users see this video tutorial to learn how to use the Statemine Ledger app and what its current limitations are.
Users have a simple interface, namely the ability to transfer asset balances to other accounts on-chain. As mentioned before, if the asset is not sufficient, then the destination account must already exist for the transfer to succeed.
The chain also contains a transfer_keep_alive function, similar to that of the Balances pallet, that will fail if execution kills the sending account.
The Asset Hub also sweeps dust balances into transfers. For example, if an asset has a minimum balance of 10 and an account has a balance of 25, then an attempt to transfer 20 units would transfer all 25.
NON-SUFFICIENT ASSETS
Before transferring a non-sufficient asset, ensure the receiver account has enough funds to cover the existential deposit and transaction fees for future transfers. Failing to do so will cause the asset transfer to fail. The transfer will be successful for sufficient assets, but without DOT tokens, you will not be able to transfer those assets from the receiver account through Polkadot-JS UI. The feature request to enable sufficient assets for transaction fee payment on Polkadot-JS UI is yet to be implemented.
INFO
See this support article to learn more about transferring assets using the Asset Hub.
Destroying an Asset
WALK-THROUGH VIDEO TUTORIAL ABOUT DESTROYING ASSETS
See this technical explainer video to learn how to destroy assets on the Asset Hub.
To destroy an asset, go to the Polkadot-JS UI on the Asset Hub > Developer > Extrinsics. If you created an asset without minting any unit, you could call assets.startDestroy and then the assets.finishDestroy extrinsics specifying the asset id you want to destroy. If you created an asset and minted some units, follow the steps below:
assets.freezeAssetwill freeze all assets on all accounts holding that asset id. Those accounts will no longer be able to transfer that asset.assets.startDestroywill start the destroying process.assets.destroyApprovalswill destroy all approvals related to that asset id (if there are any approvals).assets.destroyAccountswill destroy all accounts related to that asset id. All asset units will be removed from those accounts.assets.finishDestroywill finish the destroying process. The asset id will be removed and available for another fungible token.
Application Development
The Asset Hub provides an approve_transfer, transfer_approved, and cancel_approval interface. Application developers can use this interface so that users can authorize the application to effectuate transfers up to a given amount on behalf of an account.
Cross-Chain Accounting
The Asset Hub uses a reserve-backed system to manage asset transfers to other parachains. It tracks how much of each asset has gone to each parachain and will not accept more from a particular parachain.
As a result of this, asset owners can use the Asset Hub to track information like the total issuance of their asset in the entire network, as parachain balances would be included in the reserve-backed table. Likewise, for the minting and burning of tokens, an asset's team can perform all operations on the Asset Hub and propagate any minted tokens to other parachains in the network.
Parachains that want to send assets to other parachains should do so via instructions to the Asset Hub so that the reserve-backed table stays up to date. For more info, see the "Moving Assets between Chains in XCM" section of the article on the XCM format.
Non-Fungible Assets
Unlike fungible assets, the particular instance of a non-fungible asset (NFT) has a separate meaning from another instance of the same class. The Asset Hub represents NFTs in the Uniques and NFTs pallets.
Similar to the Assets pallet, this functionality is encoded into the chain. Operations are benchmarked before each release instead of any runtime metering, ensuring efficient execution and stable transaction fees.
Transferring NFTs
Users can transfer their NFTs to other accounts. The chain also provides an approve_transfer, transfer_approved and cancel_approval interfaces that application developers can use to allow users to authorize an application to transfer an instance on their behalf.
Advanced Techniques
Many asset creators on other networks use smart contracts to control privileged functions like minting and burning. Although the Asset Hub does not have a smart contract interface, it contains the Multisig, Proxy, and Utility pallets, which will meet most account management needs.
For example, if a team wants sign-off from two groups to perform a privileged operation, it could create a 2-of-2 multisig from two pure proxies, and then set members from each group as proxies to those two accounts.
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