SkyPirl Blockchain
  • SkyPirl (Pirl)
    • Docs.Pirl.io
    • About SkyPirl (Pirl)
    • Mission
    • Create SkyPirl 2.0 wallet
    • Restore wallet with secret 12 phrase
    • How to be a Nominator
    • SkyPirl coin specifications
    • Run a validator
    • How to unbound fund
    • How payout works
    • How to vote for Council
    • How to set identity
    • SLASHES
    • Refund of slashed
    • COIN SPECIFICATION
    • Governance and Treasury
    • Telemetry
    • List of wallet addresses not working
    • Spend from the treasury and Burn
    • Mint coins and transfer coins to the treasury
      • Treasury2
    • Burn2
    • Source Code
    • List of wallets holding coins of burned wallets with PIRL balance at block 3939000
  • About SkyPirl (Pirl)
  • Mission
  • PIRLmeet.com
    • About PIRLmeet.com
    • Free Trial
    • CINEMA
    • Microphone On-Off
    • Screen Sharing
      • Share—or don't share your audio
      • Video recording tutorial + camera + mp4 video download
    • Hands Up
    • Change the ringtone when giving a raise of hand
    • Stream MP4 videos
    • Stream mp4 video on Firefox browser
    • Cabinet Lock
      • Cabinet Lock account
      • Normal-Demo
      • How can I cabinet lock and keep strangers from entering the room?
      • How can I add people to the room when the room is locked?
    • Text chat
      • Room chat
      • Cabinetlock Chat
      • private chat per video
    • Connect Pirl wallet to Room-House
    • Change cover photo
    • Video title name
    • Setting up you own Room-House
    • How to download videos on youtube, Facebook and convert to mp4 files
    • Use camera beautification App when livestream
    • PIRLmeet can create meetings that last 24/7 and 365 days a year.
    • How does PIRLmeet secure products?
    • Get Pirl coin when playing videos on Room-house
    • Picture
    • OBS Studio
      • Download
      • Screen sharing and front camera
      • Stream video from R-H to Youtube
      • Stream games
      • Stream Video and Record Video and download videos
      • Good quality video settings
      • Edit the frame and choose the recording frame
    • Source Code
  • Game
    • Room-House.com and games
    • Slot Machine
      • Connect the slot machine to the SkyPirl Light Wallet.
      • Connect Room-House.com to the slot machine
  • SkyPirl Light Wallet
  • PIRL Decentralized Charity Foundation
  • SkyPirl Community
  • Apps for Android and IOS (PWA)
    • Android
    • Iphone (IOS)
    • Computer-Windows-PC
  • Business Paradigm R-H
    • Use SkyPirl coin to pay in Room-House.com
  • Roadmap
  • Core Team
  • xTer . Technology
    • About xTER SafeContainer
    • xTer Ecosystem
    • xTer SkyPirl
    • xTer Room-House
      • How to Room-House
    • xTer Room-House Plus
      • How to xTer room-House plus
    • xTer TrueAD
    • xTer SmartFilter
  • White Paper
  • Blog
    • News
      • ------What is Web 1.0, 2.0, 3.0?------
      • The world's first decentralized audio chat room Room-House
      • What's so special about decentralized audio chat rooms?
      • Features that make Room-House.com decentralized chat rooms competitive with giants
      • Ever heard of Decentralized Charity Fund?
      • What is online meeting? 4 most effective online conferencing solutions
      • What is online meeting? Is it easy or difficult to organize?
      • What is the standard of a professional online meeting room?
      • History of the world's first online meeting software
      • Decentralized Application Room-House.com (Daap)
      • In what year was the internet born? And the birth of the project SkyPirl
      • Cooperation between Room-House and Russian State Social University
      • Building SkyPirl Decentralized Internet in Space
      • Data collection is a huge industry that operates in the dark
      • Free and easy decentralized internet for everyone to use
      • What is Pirl (PIRL) ? Community Based Project Pioneering in Introducing Masternode Technology
      • PirlGuard — Innovative Solution against 51% Attacks
      • ETC and PirlGuard Cybersecurity Plan
      • PirlChat messenger release
      • Overview of PirlChat 0.5.1–0.6 Beta Versions
      • Decentralized blockchain messengers
      • PirlChat messenger version 1.0.4 released
      • What is Pirl 2.0 and what changes will come to the Pirl network
      • The Pirl project announced the launch of its own exchange
      • PIRL’s Content Masternodes Are Almost Out: What You Need to Know
      • PIRL Masternodes and DApps Overview
      • PIRL Decentralized Charity Foundation - SkyPirl
      • Thanks to PirlGuard, Callisto is protected against 51% attacks
      • What is SkyPirl(PIRL) project?
      • Here is the sci-fi story of the decentralized social network PIRL:
      • What is Callisto-Pirl.com project?
      • Here is the legend of the multi-planetary decentralized internet space station PIRL:
      • PIRL decentralized social network has the following key differences:
      • The SM feature of the decentralized social network PIRL seems to be an interesting secret.
      • SkyPirl(PIRL) is designed to attract investors with attractive features:
      • SkyPirl project does not sell ICO (Initial Coin Offering) or not raise funds for the following reaso
      • Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year! SkyPirl Callisto-Pirl.com
      • SkyPirl Project Merry Christmas Story:
      • Happy New Year! SkyPirl Callisto-Pirl.com
      • Here's the story of the SkyPirl Mars Exploration Project:
      • Multiplanetary Billionaire
      • Lost in space
      • The Last Space Train
      • The future of society: Polarization of rich and poor in the 4.0 revolution
      • Callisto-Pirl.com Civil War
      • Callisto-Pirl.com Civil War 2
      • Callisto-Pirl.com Civil War 3
      • Callisto-Pirl.com Civil War 4
      • Callisto-Pirl.com Civil War 5
      • Callisto-Pirl.com Civil War 6
      • Callisto-Pirl.com Civil War 7
      • Callisto-Pirl.com Civil War 8
      • Callisto-Pirl.com Civil War 9
      • Callisto-Pirl.com Civil War 10
      • Callisto-Pirl.com Civil War 11
      • Callisto-Pirl.com Civil War 12
      • Page 6
      • Page 5
      • Page 4
      • Page 3
      • Page 2
      • Page 1
      • Page
    • Technical
      • What is Bitcoin? How are Bitcoins created?
      • Export Your Private Key from Third-Party Wallets
      • What Is a Stablecoin?
      • What Is Wrapped Bitcoin?
      • 7 Ways to Generate Passive Income With Crypto
      • What is a decentralized social network?
      • How many Bitcoins can be mined in a day?
      • How many Bitcoins are there in the world?
      • What is a decentralized exchange? different from centralized floor?
      • What is Staking? 5 things to note when investing in Staking
      • What Are Blockchain Bridges?
      • Compare Hot Wallet and Cold Wallet, which one should you use?
      • What is NFT?
      • Building a Decentralized Internet in Space
      • Web 3.0 Paradox
      • Controversy about the future of the Internet
      • The metaverse virtual universe could revolutionize the Internet
      • 'Blockchain is the most influential technology since the Internet'
      • Web3 - Expectations for the Decentralized Internet
      • What is Dapp? The concept of Dapp and their classification
      • How Decentralized Web Browsers Give You Unsurpassed Privacy
      • Is Web 3.0 being hyped?
      • What are Nodes? Types of Nodes in Blockchain
      • Blockchain can be hacked or not?
      • What is Private Key and Public Key in Bitcoin?
      • What is a Nonce in Blockchain?
      • What is Decentralized Autonomous Cooperative (DAC)?
      • What is Genesis Block?
      • What is Web3? Explaining the Decentralized Internet of the Future
      • Z-Consensus CLO
      • DEX223 Explanation
      • CLOIP
        • CLOIP-1
        • CLOIP-2
        • CLOIP-3
        • CLOIP-4
      • Skuld Hard Fork: Transforming Callisto Network with Dynamic Monetary Policy
      • Dex223 ICO
      • CoinSavi là gì?
      • SLOFI Token
    • Pi NetWork
      • Pi NetWork ( English )
        • Pi Network (PI) Mining Step by Step Guide
        • How to Create a Pi Wallet
        • How to KYC Pi Network 100% Success (2023)
        • Pi Network Security Circle: How to Add Users to Security Circle?
        • How to Migrate Your Mining Pi Coin to Mainnet in 8 Steps (See Video)
        • Why Pi Network can become the most active existence of mobile smart cryptocurrency?
        • FAQ? (FAQ)
      • Pi NetWork ( Tiếng Việt)
        • Pi NetWork là gì?
        • Cách KYC Pi Network 100% thành công (2023)
        • Vòng tròn bảo mật là gì?
        • Hướng dẫn tạo ví Pi Network
        • Cách Đào Pi Trên Điện Thoại
        • Cài đặt tên như thế nào là đúng trong Pi Network
        • Bạn cần xác nhận ngay VÍ PI THẬT để chuẩn bị chuyển SỐ PI XỊN vào ví pi sau khi hoàn thành KYC.
        • Hướng dẫn cách rút chuyển Pi về Ví Mainnet
        • Cách tăng tốc độ Đào Pi Network
        • Tại sao Pi Network có thể trở thành sự tồn tại tích cực nhất của tiền điện tử thông minh di động?
        • Hỏi đáp (FAQ)
    • Việt Nam
      • Pirl (PIRL) Là Gì ? Dự Án Dựa Trên Cộng Đồng Đi Tiên Phong Trong Việc Giới Thiệu Công Nghệ Masternod
      • Giới thiệu về SkyPirl (Pirl)
      • Sứ Mệnh Pirl2.0
      • Phần mềm Room-House.com là gì
      • Giới thiệu về Room-House.com
      • Room-House có thể tạo các cuộc họp kéo dài 24/7 và 365 ngày một năm.
      • Room-House.com bảo mật sản phẩm như thế nào?
      • Giới thiệu về xTER SafeContainer
      • Kế hoạch an ninh mạng của ETC và PirlGuard
      • Quỹ từ thiện phi tập trung Pirl
      • Phát hành trình nhắn tin PirlChat
      • Tổng quan về các phiên bản Beta của PirlChat 0.5.1–0.6
      • Trình nhắn tin chuỗi khối phi tập trung
      • PirlChat messenger phiên bản 1.0.4 được phát hành
      • Pirl 2.0 là gì và những thay đổi nào sẽ đến với mạng Pirl
      • Dự án Pirl đã công bố ra mắt sàn giao dịch của riêng mình
      • Masternode nội dung của PIRL sắp hết: Những điều bạn cần biết
      • Tổng quan về PIRL Masternodes và DApps
      • Xây dựng Internet phi tập trung SkyPirl trong không gian
      • Nhờ PirlGuard, Callisto được bảo vệ chống lại các cuộc tấn công 51%
    • Russia
      • ------Что такое Web 1.0, 2.0, 3.0?------
      • Первый в мире децентрализованный аудиочат Room-House
      • Что такого особенного в децентрализованных аудиочатах?
      • Функции, которые делают децентрализованные чаты Room-House.com конкурентоспособными с гигантами
      • Вы когда-нибудь слышали о Децентрализованном благотворительном фонде?
      • Что такое онлайн-встреча? 4 самых эффективных решения для онлайн-конференций
      • Что такое онлайн-встреча? Легко или сложно это организовать?
      • Каков стандарт профессионального онлайн-зала для встреч?
      • История первого в мире программного обеспечения для онлайн-встреч
      • Децентрализованное приложение Room-House.com (Daap)
      • В каком году родился Интернет? И рождение проекта SkyPirl
      • Сотрудничество Room-House и Российского государственного социального университета
      • Создание децентрализованного Интернета SkyPirl в космосе
      • Сбор данных — это огромная индустрия, которая работает в темноте
      • Бесплатный и простой децентрализованный Интернет, которым может пользоваться каждый.
      • Что такое Пирл (PIRL)? Пионерский проект сообщества по внедрению технологии мастернод
      • PirlGuard — инновационное решение против атак 51%
      • План кибербезопасности ETC и PirlGuard
      • Релиз мессенджера PirlChat
      • Обзор бета-версий PirlChat 0.5.1–0.6
      • Децентрализованные мессенджеры на блокчейне
      • Вышла версия мессенджера PirlChat 1.0.4
      • Что такое Pirl 2.0 и какие изменения произойдут в сети Pirl
      • Проект Pirl объявил о запуске собственной биржи
      • Мастерноды контента PIRL почти закончились: что вам нужно знать
      • Обзор мастернод PIRL и DApps
      • Децентрализованный благотворительный фонд PIRL
      • Благодаря PirlGuard Каллисто защищен от атак 51%
    • China
      • ------什么是Web 1.0、2.0、3.0?------
      • 全球首个去中心化音频聊天室Room-House
      • 去中心化音频聊天室有什么特别之处?
      • 让 Room-House.com 去中心化聊天室与巨头竞争的功能
      • 听说过去中心化慈善基金吗?
      • 什么是线上会议?4种最有效的在线会议解决方案
      • 什么是线上会议?组织起来容易还是困难?
      • 专业的网络会议室的标准是什么?
      • 世界上第一个在线会议软件的历史
      • 去中心化应用室-House.com (Daap)
      • 互联网诞生于哪一年?SkyPirl 项目的诞生
      • Room-House与俄罗斯国立社会大学合作
      • 在太空中构建 SkyPirl 去中心化互联网
      • 数据收集是一个在黑暗中运作的庞大行业
      • 免费且简单的去中心化互联网,供所有人使用
      • 什么是皮尔(PIRL)?基于社区的项目开创了引入主节点技术的先河
      • PirlGuard — 针对 51% 攻击的创新解决方案
      • ETC 和 PirlGuard 网络安全计划
      • PirlChat 即时通讯软件发布
      • PirlChat 0.5.1–0.6 Beta 版本概述
      • 去中心化区块链信使
      • PirlChat 即时通讯软件 1.0.4 版发布
      • 什么是 Pirl 2.0,Pirl 网络将发生哪些变化
      • Pirl项目宣布推出自己的交易所
      • PIRL 的内容主节点即将退出:您需要了解的内容
      • PIRL 主节点和 DApp 概述
      • PIRL 去中心化慈善基金会
      • PirlGuard – 51% 攻击防护
    • Japan
      • -------Web 1.0、2.0、3.0とは何ですか?------
      • 世界初の分散型音声チャットルーム Room-House
      • 分散型音声チャット ルームの何がそんなに特別なのでしょうか?
      • Room-House.com の分散型チャット ルームを大手企業と競争できるようにする機能
      • 分散型慈善基金について聞いたことがありますか?
      • オンライン会議とは何ですか?最も効果的な 4 つのオンライン会議ソリューション
      • オンライン会議とは何ですか?整理するのは簡単ですか、それとも難しいですか?
      • プロフェッショナルなオンライン会議室の基準は何ですか?
      • 世界初のオンライン会議ソフトウェアの歴史
      • 分散型アプリケーション Room-House.com (Daap)
      • インターネットが誕生したのは何年ですか? そしてSkyPirlプロジェクトの誕生
      • SkyPirl 分散型インターネットを宇宙に構築する
      • データ収集は暗闇で行われる巨大産業です
      • 誰もが使える無料で簡単な分散型インターネット
      • ピル(PIRL)とは何ですか?マスターノードテクノロジーの導入における先駆的なコミュニティベースのプロジェクト
      • PirlGuard — 51% 攻撃に対する革新的なソリューション
      • ETC および PirlGuard サイバーセキュリティ プラン
      • PirlChatメッセンジャーのリリース
      • PirlChat 0.5.1 ~ 0.6 ベータ版の概要
      • 分散型ブロックチェーンメッセンジャー
      • PirlChat メッセンジャー バージョン 1.0.4 がリリースされました
      • Pirl 2.0 とは何か、Pirl ネットワークにどのような変更が加えられるか
      • Pirlプロジェクトが独自の取引所の立ち上げを発表
      • PIRL のコンテンツ マスターノードが間もなく終了します: 知っておくべきこと
      • PIRL マスターノードと DApps の概要
      • PIRL 分散型慈善財団
      • PirlGuard のおかげで、Callisto は 51% の攻撃から保護されています
    • Hindi
      • ------वेब 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 क्या है?------
      • Page दुनिया का पहला विकेन्द्रीकृत ऑडियो चैट रूम रूम-हाउस
      • विकेन्द्रीकृत ऑडियो चैट रूम के बारे में क्या खास है?
      • ऐसी विशेषताएँ जो रूम-हाउस.कॉम विकेंद्रीकृत चैट रूम को दिग्गजों के साथ प्रतिस्पर्धी बनाती हैं
      • क्या आपने कभी विकेंद्रीकृत चैरिटी फंड के बारे में सुना है?
      • ऑनलाइन मीटिंग क्या है? 4 सबसे प्रभावी ऑनलाइन कॉन्फ्रेंसिंग समाधान
      • ऑनलाइन मीटिंग क्या है? क्या इसे व्यवस्थित करना आसान है या कठिन?
      • एक पेशेवर ऑनलाइन मीटिंग रूम का मानक क्या है?
      • दुनिया के पहले ऑनलाइन मीटिंग सॉफ़्टवेयर का इतिहास
      • विकेन्द्रीकृत अनुप्रयोग रूम-हाउस.कॉम (डीएएपी)
      • इंटरनेट का जन्म किस वर्ष हुआ था? और प्रोजेक्ट स्काईपिरल का जन्म
      • अंतरिक्ष में स्काईपिरल विकेन्द्रीकृत इंटरनेट का निर्माण
      • डेटा संग्रह एक बहुत बड़ा उद्योग है जो अंधेरे में काम करता है
      • हर किसी के उपयोग के लिए मुफ़्त और आसान विकेन्द्रीकृत इंटरनेट
      • पर्ल (PIRL) क्या है? समुदाय आधारित परियोजना मास्टर्नोड प्रौद्योगिकी के परिचय में अग्रणी है
      • पिरलगार्ड - 51% हमलों के खिलाफ अभिनव समाधान
      • ईटीसी और पिरलगार्ड साइबर सुरक्षा योजना
      • PirlChat मैसेंजर रिलीज़
      • PirlChat 0.5.1–0.6 बीटा संस्करणों का अवलोकन
      • विकेन्द्रीकृत ब्लॉकचेन संदेशवाहक
      • PirlChat मैसेंजर संस्करण 1.0.4 जारी किया गया
      • Pirl 2.0 क्या है और Pirl नेटवर्क में क्या बदलाव आएंगे
      • पर्ल प्रोजेक्ट ने अपने स्वयं के एक्सचेंज के लॉन्च की घोषणा की
      • पीआईआरएल के कंटेंट मास्टरनोड्स लगभग समाप्त हो चुके हैं: आपको क्या जानना चाहिए
      • पीआईआरएल मास्टरनोड्स और डीएपी अवलोकन
      • पीआईआरएल विकेंद्रीकृत चैरिटी फाउंडेशन
      • PirlGuard को धन्यवाद, कैलिस्टो 51% हमलों से सुरक्षित है
    • Charity
      • Децентрализованный благотворительный фонд PIRL
      • PIRL 去中心化慈善基金会
      • PIRL 分散型慈善財団
      • Yayasan Amal Terdesentralisasi PIRL
      • PIRL विकेंद्रीकृत चैरिटी फाउंडेशन
      • Fundación Benéfica Descentralizada PIRL
      • Pirl المؤسسة الخيرية اللامركزية
      • קרן צדקה מבוזרת של PIRL
      • PIRL 분산형 자선 재단
      • PIRL Dezentrale Wohltätigkeitsstiftung
      • Ang mga desentralisadong charity fund Pirl
      • ມູນນິທິການກຸສົນ PIRL Decentralized
      • PIRL Decentralized caritas Foundation
      • มูลนิธิ PIRL Decentralized Charity Foundation
      • PIRL төвлөрсөн бус буяны сан
      • PIRL Weqfa Xêrxwazî ​​ya Nenavendî
      • Fundacja Dobroczynności Zdecentralizowanej PIRL
      • PIRL Gedesentraliseerde Liefdadigheidstigting
      • PIRL Adɔe Fapem a Wɔde Di Dwuma wɔ Decentralized
      • Fondacioni i Decentralizuar i Bamirësisë PIRL
      • PIRL ያልተማከለ የበጎ አድራጎት ድርጅት
      • PIRL ապակենտրոնացված բարեգործական հիմնադրամ
      • PIRL Mərkəzləşdirilməmiş Xeyriyyə Fondu
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  1. FAQ?
  2. General

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

PreviousThousand Validators ProgrammeNextMiscellaneous

Last updated 1 year ago

INFO

This FAQ focuses on technical questions for users interested in developing applications for Polkadot. If you have a more general question, you may wish to search for the answer on our support or the main . If you have a question that is not answered, please feel free to ask on the Polkadot Watercooler or contact .

Polkadot Launch

The Genesis block of the Polkadot network was launched on May 26, 2020 at 15:36:21 UTC, as a Proof of Authority (PoA) network, with governance controlled by the single Sudo (super-user) account. During this time, validators started joining the network and signaling their intention to participate in consensus.

The network evolved to become a Proof of Stake (PoS) network on June 18, 2020. With the chain secured by the decentralized community of validators, the Sudo module was removed on July 20, 2020, transitioning the governance of the chain into the hands of the token (DOT) holders. This is the point where Polkadot became decentralized.

The final step of the transition to full-functioning Polkadot was the enabling of transfer functionality, which occurred on Polkadot at block number 1_205_128 on August 18, 2020, at 16:39 UTC.

On August 21, 2020, Redenomination of DOT occurred. From this date, one DOT (old) equals 100 new DOT.

Polkadot Roadmap

For more information on the Polkadot roadmap please visit the .

Validators

How do I apply to be a validator?

There is no central authority that decides on validators, so there is not per se an application that you can fill out. Registering as a validator is permissionless; in order to become one you must only set up a validator node and mark your intention to validate on chain. For detailed instruction on how to do this you can consult the on validating for Kusama or the for validating on Polkadot.

However, once you've set up a validator and have registered your intention it does not mean that you will be included in the active set right away. The validators are elected to the active set based on the results of an election algorithm known as . Phragmén's method tries to accomplish two goals: 1) select n members from a larger set based on stake-weighted votes and 2) equalize the stake backing each validator as much as possible.

You will likely want to campaign your validator to the community in order to get more backing. You are looking for nominators that will put up their tokens to increase the stake for your validator. For validators who cannot acquire the minimum stake from the community, Parity and Web3 Foundation also run a joint program called that will nominate validators if they apply and fit the requirements.

The minimum stake that is necessary to be elected as an active validator is dynamic and can change over time. It depends not only on how much stake is being put behind each validator, but also the size of the active set and how many validators are waiting in the pool.

There are a few ways to estimate the minimum stake.

You can also use some tools some to perform estimations.

Polkadot's goal to have 1000 validators is set to be something that is practically achievable in the short term with high confidence of good performance in a live environment. Furthermore, validators in Polkadot are not the only stakers, and if we consider the number of stakers that can be possible on Polkadot the number can scale up to hundreds of thousands. Since validators are performing critical consensus work to maintain the security of the chain including all of its shards, a more modest number of validators is estimated to start. Upon later improvements, such as implementing signature aggregation for finalization messages, the number of validators could reasonably scale up. However, increasing validators above one thousand remains a goal for later iterations of Polkadot.

It is also worth mentioning that one thousand validators is more than the number of validators of similar PoS chains with comparable levels of economic security as Polkadot. The closest contenders are operating with around 150 validators, while Polkadot is already securely running with 297.

Additionally, other projects sometimes have a different definition of validator that approximates more closely to remote signing keys without the full operation of a validating node. On Polkadot, each validator is running their own validating node and performing full verification of the Relay Chain, voting on finality, producing blocks in their decided slots, and verifying parachain state transitions. Other projects may consider validators and "validating nodes" as separate entities.

Both the Kusama and Polkadot networks are currently operating at a rate of one block every six seconds.

This may be changed in the future. It may go as low as two to three seconds after optimizations, or potentially increase in order to handle the capacity of the parachain networking in a live environment.

No - and yes. The Polkadot Relay Chain does not implement smart contracts natively. The reason for not having smart contracts on the Relay Chain is part of the design philosophy for Polkadot that dictates that the Relay Chain should be the minimal logic required to accomplish its job.

However, Polkadot will be a platform for other chains that do implement smart contracts. It's possible for parachains to enable smart contract functionality and then benefit from the security and interoperability features of Polkadot. Additionally, existing smart contract chains can connect to Polkadot as a parachain, or via a bridge.

While the Polkadot Relay Chain does not implement smart contracts directly, undoubtedly there will be parachains that do. So it's better to say that the Polkadot ecosystem has smart contracts versus "Polkadot has smart contracts."

One of the cornerstone interoperability technologies being researched and developed for deployment on Polkadot is cross-chain bridges. Bridges come in a variety of flavors with varying levels of trust associated with them. Polkadot is predominantly researching the trust-minimized flavor that imposes economic costs on the operators of the bridge, and therefore makes it economically secure. Bridge efforts are being worked on in concert with other projects in the ecosystem. Eventually, there will be bridges between Polkadot and most of the other major chains.

The inflation rate is approximately 10% per year.

DOTs contributed to a sucessful crowdloan campaign by a parachain are bonded for the entire lease period, which is two years on Polkadot. The crowdloaned DOT cannot be used for any other DOT utility functionalities like staking and democracy. In exchange to the lost staking rewards or liquidity of DOTs, the parachain team may offer rewards to the contributor.

The utility of crowdloaned DOT is to provide a lease for a parachain. The utility of staked DOT is to secure the network through a reward/slash mechanism. Allowing crowdloaned DOT to be staked results in complex consequences like applying a slash on crowdloaned DOT that was meant to be bonded for the entire lease period of a parachain. In a way, the inaccessibility of crowdloaned DOTs and the lack of staking rewards for the entire lease duration encourages the contributors to back projects that are valuable to the ecosystem.

It is fair to say that the field of on-chain blockchain governance is still new, and no one can claim to know exactly what the optimal version of on-chain governance is yet. However, Polkadot takes a brave step forward in pioneering thought-through mechanisms for evolving a blockchain.

Blockchains need a method to adapt and evolve. Therefore, an on-chain governance system was necessary for the long-term success of Polkadot. Ultimately, it is the token holders that are responsible for preventing Polkadot's governance from failing by using their economic value and conviction to sway the progression of the protocol.

A savvy reader might have noticed that the answer to the previous question endowed the token holder with the ultimate responsibility to ensure that Polkadot's governance does not fail. By following the train of this assertion, one might assume that Polkadot's governance is susceptible to becoming ruled by a few large token holders (called whales in trading parlance) and therefore become a mere plutocracy (rule of the rich).

Parachains have the flexibility to implement their own monetary system or incentive structure for collators. However, this is not strictly necessary. Since the collator's job is to continue to give recent state transitions to the validators on the Relay Chain who validate each transition, the security of the parachain and the Polkadot network is completely separate from parachain economics. Parachains need collators to continue to progress, so it wouldn't be unreasonable to see them incentivize collator nodes in some way, but the specific mechanism is completely up to parachain implementers.

Parachains are not ephemeral. As long as someone is keeping the data for a parachain, the parachain can move between being a parachain, a parathread, or a separate sovereign chain at different points of its lifetime. Especially with parathreads, parachains can be decommissioned to only produce blocks when their usage and throughput makes it necessary.

Yes, since Polkadot is built with Substrate. Substrate uses a networking protocol that is based on libp2p (specifically the Rust libp2p library). However, Substrate uses a mix of standard libp2p protocols and protocols that are homegrown and not official libp2p standards. Of the standards protocols, those which are shared with other implementations of libp2p such as IPFS, are connection-checking (ping), asking for information on a peer (identity), and Kademlia random walks (kad).

It is important to note that the cost of transferring KSM is dynamic. Currently, the minimum cost of transferring KSM is 0.01 KSM (the base fee), although this can be changed via governance. However, actual transaction fees will vary based on a variety of factors. Specifically, fee calculation follows the following formula:

base_fee + (tx_length * length_fee) + WeightToFee(weight)

The "Answered by Gav" series is a collection of posts uploaded to Reddit of questions that have been asked in the Polkadot Watercooler Riot channel and answered by Polkadot founder Gavin Wood.

How are validators rewarded?

Validators are rewarded from the inflation of the Relay Chain, transaction fees, and tips. However, they only take a percentage of the former two. More details can be read on the page for .

What is the minimum stake necessary to be elected as an active validator?

One way can be to navigate to the . The value at the top of the screen saying "Lowest" is the least staked validator. You need at least this much + 1 to enter the set.

can provide exact results of running an election on the current set of validators using the same Rust code that is ran in Polkadot.

can give you an estimate that is based on the currently elected set, as well as some statistics about Kusama validators.

Why will Polkadot have only 1000 validators while other projects have hundreds of thousands?

Finally, individuals may participate in the block production process indirectly by validators. In this way, individuals who are not running a node can still share in staking rewards.

Relay Chain

What is the block time of the Relay Chain?

Does Polkadot have smart contracts?

How will the Polkadot Relay Chain connect to external chains in the ecosystem?

DOT

What is the difference between DOT (old) and new DOT?

The DOT (old) unit on Polkadot was at twelve decimal places, otherwise known as 1e12 Plancks. On 21 August, 2020, Denomination Day, the DOT (old) value was redenominated to 1e10 (10_000_000_000, or ten billion) Plancks, meaning that the new DOT was valued at ten decimal places. Following the , the new DOT is called DOT.

What is the inflation rate of the DOT?

A portion of the inflation is rewarded to validators for performing their duties, while another portion may go directly to the treasury. The exact percentage that goes into both varies and is based on the amount of DOT that are staked. Please see the article on for more information.

Why can't crowdloaned DOT be staked?

Governance

What prevents Polkadot governance from failing?

Polkadot's governance has already been shown to work. Examples can be found in the runtime upgrades that have successfully taken place through on the testnets as well as in a real economic environment on and Polkadot itself.

What prevents Polkadot governance from becoming plutocratic?

There are several other mechanisms that are built-in to the governance system to resist this plutocratic tendency. One of these mechanisms is called conviction voting, and imbues greater voting power to token holders who are willing to lock their tokens on the protocol for longer lengths of time. Longer lock-ups display conviction in a vote. Conviction voting could allow a highly determined minority to overrule the vote of an apathetic majority in certain situations. Another mechanism is known as Adaptive Quorum Biasing. This makes proposals have a varying threshold for approval or rejection based on what part of the governance protocol the proposal originated in. For details on the subtleties of Polkadot's governance system, please see the .

Parachains

How do parachain economics work?

Are parachains ephemeral? What happens when a parachain loses the next auction?

When a parachain loses an auction for renewal, that parachain has a few options. In most cases, becoming a parathread instead would be a suitable choice. Parathreads are still secured by the Relay Chain, but don't need to hold a parachain slot and can produce a block when its economically feasible for them. For more on parachains please see the and for more on parathreads see .

Networking

What is libp2p?

is a modular and extensible networking stack that is used by IPFS, Substrate, and many other projects. It is a collection of peer-to-peer protocols for finding peers and connecting to them. Its modules have logic for content routing, peer routing, peer discovery, different transports, and NAT traversals. It is intended to be used by applications for building large scale peer-to-peer networks by only selecting the parts of the protocol suite that are needed.

The Rust implementation of the specification was built and primarily maintained by a team of contributors at Parity Technologies. The Go and JavaScript versions are maintained by Protocol Labs as well as community contributors. A version of the library also exists. Libp2p as a whole is an open source project that is actively developed and expanded on various code repositories hosted on .

Does Polkadot use libp2p?

Of the protocols that are custom to Substrate, there are the legacy Substrate stream, a request-response for getting information on blocks (sync), a light client protocol, a notification protocol for transactions, and block announcement. For detailed information on how Substrate uses libp2p and the standard and custom protocols, please see the .

How does libp2p differ from IPFS?

The (IPFS) is a peer-to-peer hypermedia protocol used primarily for storage of files. It allows one to upload a file onto the network and share it with its content addressable URI. IPFS, like Substrate, is an application of libp2p and exists higher on the technology stack. Although both IPFS and Substrate use libp2p, it cannot be said that Substrate "uses" IPFS since besides sharing the underlying library for networking there is no native integration between the two applications.

Kusama

What is the minimum amount of KSM / DOT I can have in my account?

Please see information about .

What are the transfer fees for Kusama?

Please see the page in the Substrate documentation for more detailed information.

Answered by Gav series

Knowledge Base
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